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Construction material testing soil stone concrete c d*
Construction Material Testing Soil Stone Concrete Bitumen
Construction Material Testing Soil Stone Concrete Bitumen on CD
This manual covers soils, aggregates, bituminous cements, bituminous paving mixtures, portland-cement concrete, and stabilized soil including stabilizing agents such as bitumens, cements, lime, fly ash, and chemical modifiers. The manual gives detailed instructions for taking adequate representative test samples and step-by-step procedures for making physical-properties tests and for recording, calculating, and evaluating test results.
The manual explains methods for designing bituminous paving mixtures and for stabilizing soil. It also gives the procedures and tests required to control the manufacture of these mixtures. The manual describes the tools and equipment for performing these tests and contains general instructions for the care, calibration, and use of test equipment.
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Construction Material Testing Soil Stone Concrete Bitumen
Chapter 1. Materials Testing Overview.
1-1 Materials Tests.1-1 Soil Properties .1-2 Classifications .1-2 Design Requirements.1-2 Bitumens.1-2 Concrete .1-3 Stabilization .1-3 Equipment .1-3 Test Set, Soil (SC 6635-98-CL-E02).1-3 Test Set, Asphalt (SC 6635-98-CL-E03).1-4 Test Set, Concrete (SC 6635-98-CL-E04) .1-4 Nuclear Moisture Density Gauge .1-4 Safety and Environmental Considerations.1-4
2-62 Section IV. Specific-Gravity-of-Solids Determination (ASTM D 854-92) .2-62 Specific Gravity of Soil or Solids .2-62 Specific-Gravity Test.2-62 Purpose.2-63 Equipment.2-63 Steps.2-64 Apparent and Bulk Specific Gravity .2-69 Section V. Grain-Size Analysis and Distribution (ASTM D 422-63 and ASTM 2217-85) .2-70 Sieve Analysis (Mechanical Analysis).2-70 Purpose.2-71 Equipment.2-71 Steps.2-72 Hydrometer Analysis .2-79 Purpose.2-79 Equipment.2-79 Steps.2-80 Presentation of Results .2-87 Section VI. Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index Determination (ASTM D 4318-95a) .2-89 LL Determination .2-90 Purpose.2-90 Equipment.2-90 Steps.2-92 PL Determination .2-98 Purpose.2-98 Equipment.2-98 Steps.2-98 PI Determination .2-100 Section VII. Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (Compaction Test) (ASTM D 1557-91) .2-101 Compaction Test.2-102 Purpose.2-102 Equipment.2-103 Steps.2-104 Compaction-Test Graph-Presentation of Results. 2-109 Compaction Curve. 2-109 Zero Air Voids and Saturation . 2-111 Percent Moisture. 2-112 Percent Compaction . 2-112 Compaction-Specification Block . 2-112 Effect of Water on Density. 2-113 Effect of Different Compactive Efforts on Density. 2-114 Effect of Different Types of Soils on Density. 2-115 Compaction Equipment . 2-115 Other Compactive Efforts . 2-116 Section VIII. In-Place Density Determination . 2-116 Sand-Cone or Sand-Displacement Method (ASTM D 1556-90) . 2-117 Purpose . 2-118 Equipment . 2-118 Steps . 2-119 Nuclear Moisture-and-Density Tester. 2-123 Water-Displacement Method . 2-124 Section IX. CBR Tests . 2-124 CBR of Laboratory-Compacted Soils (ASTM D 1883-94) . 2-125 Purpose . 2-125 Equipment . 2-125 Steps . 2-127 Undisturbed Sample Testing . 2-135 In-Place Field CBR Testing. 2-135 Presentation and Analysis of CBR Data . 2-135 Test Program for Nonswelling Soils. 2-135 Test Program for Swelling or Expansive Soils . 2-146 Test Program for Free-Draining Soils . 2-151 Section X. Technical Soils Report . 2-153 Soils Tests Required . 2-153 Purpose of the Report . 2-153 Organization and Scope of the Tests. 2-154 Soils Technical Report. 2-155 Purpose . 2-156 Equipment . 2-156 Outline . 2-156
Chapter 3. Bituminous Mixtures .
3-1 Section I. Bituminous Pavements/Surfaces. 3-1 Aggregates. 3-1 Bituminous Materials. 3-1 Asphalts . 3-2 Tars . 3-6 Characteristics and Uses of Bitumens . 3-7 Safety Precautions . 3-7 Advantages and Disadvantages . 3-11 Section II. Sampling Materials . 3-12 Bituminous Materials Sampling (ASTM D 140-88). 3-12 Liquid Materials. 3-12 Solid and Semisolid Materials .3-12 Aggregate Sampling (ASTM D 75-87).3-12 Stone From Ledges and Quarries .3-13 Natural Deposits of Sand and Gravel.3-13 Stockpiles .3-14 Commercial Aggregates .3-14 Section III. Field Identification .3-14 Bitumen Field-Identification Tests .3-14 Asphalts and Tars.3-16 Asphalt Cement and Cutbacks .3-16 Asphaltic-Cutback Tests .3-16 Asphalt-Emulsion (Anionic) Tests .3-18 Road-Tar Tests.3-18 Aggregate Identification and Selection.3-19 Shape and Roughness.3-19 Hardness and Durability.3-19 Cleanliness.3-20 Hydrophobicity.3-20 Gradation .3-21 Particle Size .3-21 Section IV. Bitumen Testing .3-22 Specific-Gravity Test (ASTMs C 127-88 and C 128-93) .3-22 Flash-Point and Fire-Point Tests .3-24 Flash Point and Fire Point by Cleveland Open Cup .3-24 Flash Point by Tag Open Cup (ASTM D 4552-87).3-25 Penetration Test (ASTM D 5-86).3-27 Equipment.3-27 Steps.3-27 Results.3-29 Ductility Test.3-29 Softening-Point Test .3-30 Viscosity Tests.3-30 Saybolt-Furor Test (ASTM D 244-89).3-30 Kinematic-Viscosity Test (ASTM D 2170-85) .3-30 Solubility Test (ASTM D 2042-81) .3-30 Spot Test .3-31 Thin-Film Oven Test (ASTM D 1754-87).3-31 Section V. Aggregate and Filler Testing .3-31 Sieve Analysis .3-32 Mineral Filler (ASTM D 242-85).3-32 Fine and Coarse Aggregate (Washed) (ASTMs D 1073-88, D 448-86, and D 692-88) .3-32 Specific Gravity .3-32 Apparent Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate .3-33 Apparent Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate (Calibrated Flask).3-34 Apparent Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate (Uncalibrated Flask).3-36 Specific Gravity of Bulk-Impregnated Aggregate.3-37 Specific Gravity of Mineral Filler .3-39 Los Angeles Abrasion Test.3-39 Section VI. Bituminous-Mix Design .3-40 Hot-Mix Design Considerations .3-40 Steps . 3-40 Variables. 3-41 Blends . 3-41 Optimum Bitumen Content . 3-41 Gyratory Test Method. 3-41 Marshall Test Method (ASTM D 1559-89). 3-46 Surface-Area Method . 3-59 Job-Mix Formula . 3-60 Section VII. Plant Control. 3-64 Plant Types . 3-64 High-Type Bituminous Paving Plant. 3-64 Intermediate-Type Plants. 3-66 Initiating Plant Production. 3-66 Sieve Analysis . 3-66 Mix Redesign. 3-66 Controlling Plant Production. 3-66 Gyratory Test Control. 3-67 Marshall Test Control. 3-68 Plant-Control Execution . 3-69 Centrifugal-Extraction Method (ASTM D 2172-88) . 3-69 Purpose . 3-69 Equipment . 3-69 Steps . 3-70 Calculations. 3-72 Sieve Analysis of Aggregate . 3-72 Testing Tar or Tar-Rubber Mixes . 3-72 Density Tests . 3-72 Expediting the Design. 3-74
4-1 Section I. Characteristics and Identification. 4-1 Description and Components . 4-1 Cement. 4-1 Air-Entrained Cement . 4-2 Water . 4-3 Aggregates . 4-3 Properties of Concrete . 4-4 Strength. 4-4 Durability . 4-5 Watertightness. 4-5 Workability. 4-6 Consistency. 4-6 Uniformity . 4-6 Concrete Curing. 4-6 Temperature. 4-6 Moisture. 4-7 Concrete Admixtures . 4-7 Accelerators . 4-8 Retarders . 4-8 Air-Entraining Agents . 4-8 Water Reducers (Plasticizers) .4-9 Section II. Aggregate Testing .4-9 Stockpile Sampling (ASTM D 75-87) .4-10 Gradation Determination .4-10 Apparatus, Test Procedures, and Calculations.4-11 Material Finer Than 0.75 Millimeters (No. 200 Sieve) .4-11 Fineness Modulus.4-13 Tests for Specific Gravity, Absorption, and Surface Moisture .4-13 Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate (ASTM C 127-88).4-13 Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate (ASTM C 128-93) .4-15 Coarse- and Fine-Aggregate Absorption .4-16 Surface Moisture.4-17 Section III. Fresh-Concrete Tests .4-17 Slump Test (ASTM C 143-90a).4-18 Equipment.4-18 Steps.4-18 Supplementary Test Procedure .4-20 Air-Content Test (ASTM 231-97) .4-20 Equipment.4-20 Steps.4-21 Section IV. Flexural-Strength Test (Modulus of Rupture) .4-21 Test Beams .4-21 Forming the Beams (ASTM C 192-90a) .4-21 Taking the Specimens .4-22 Curing the Beams.4-22 Flexural-Strength Test (ASTM C 78-94) .4-22 Equipment.4-22 Steps.4-22 Section V. Compressive-Strength Test .4-25 Casting a Concrete Cylinder.4-25 Equipment.4-25 Steps.4-26 Number of Specimens.4-27 Curing and Storing Cylinders .4-27 Capping Cylinders.4-28 Determining Compressive Strength of a Cylindrical Specimen (ASTM C 39-96) .4-28 Equipment.4-28 Steps.4-29
Chapter 5. Soil Stabilization .
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